Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Recommendations are presented for the next decade of multicultural coun- seling outcome research.
The multicultural counseling movement is clearly transform- extend far beyond the culturally encapsulated constructions ing the thinking and practices of many counselor educators, of such concepts that have dominated the profession in the practitioners, researchers, and students in training.
As several past Wrenn, , This advancement is in racially and culturally diverse settings. By drawing knowledge that has emerged regarding the new professional from culturally different cosmological perspectives, multicul- competencies counselors need to acquire to work effectively tural counseling theorists have enabled counselors to broaden and ethically in a culturally diverse society Arredondo et al.
This study was supported by a grant provided by the American Counseling Association Foundation. All rights reserved. This research includes With this backdrop in mind, we conducted a study that involved generating empirical evidence that supports the efficacy of a year from to review of research publications multicultural counseling services that promote the develop- that reported on multicultural counseling outcomes.
This focus complements that of the growing empiri- maintenance organizations. The format we have fol- The Need for Multicultural Counseling lowed in presenting this information involves summarizing Researchers to Address the Challenges the findings of previous multicultural counseling outcome research reviews.
This summary is followed by a description of the EST Movement of the methodology we used in conducting the current study Mental health professionals are challenged to implement as well as a discussion of the results of this investigation counseling and therapy services that have been validated and the presentation of a set of recommendations that are through empirical research.
This challenge is increasingly designed to help shape the future agenda for multicultural being fueled by the EST movement in the fields of counseling counseling research. These reviews resulted in the bility, Introduction. In light of this ethical mandate, counselor identification of numerous multicultural counseling research educators and practitioners are responsible for being knowl- publications that focused on various factors that can be divided edgeable of the types of ESTs that researchers have identified, into four categories.
These categories include multicultural in general, and those multicultural counseling treatments that counseling research endeavors in which a preference for coun- have been empirically validated, in particular.
The mixed results of these researcher findings led counseling outcome served as dependent variables. Atkinson to determine that no conclusive conclusions could The research publications that fall into the fourth category be drawn from these outcome studies.
These studies consistently indi- independent variables on several dependent variables. These outcomes were further enhanced when ing. However, from an EST perspective, it is arguably even such articles that were published in the professional more important to examine how these independent variables literature up to that point in time. In fact, the Flaskerud , and S. Sue et al. These investigators directed attention for Mexican Americans Flaskerud, The in- that have been done over the past 40 years from to Particular attention is directed to research articles our year review of the professional literature in this area.
Table 1 summarizes the results of our data collection efforts. As noted in Table 1, our initial review of the research literature Method using the general keywords counseling outcome studies and psy- chotherapy outcome research resulted in the generation of 2, Using a deductive process, we conducted a series of computer- outcome studies.
A refined search using the term multicultural based reviews of the professional literature to determine a counseling research as a keyword yielded articles. Further the total number of counseling and psychotherapy outcome delineating our search using the keywords multicultural outcome studies published between and , b the total number research and multicultural counseling outcome research gener- of multicultural counseling research articles published in the ated a list of articles.
A careful review of the articles that literature between and , and c the total number were generated from the more refined computer-based search of multicultural counseling outcome studies published in the described earlier resulted in 53 articles that met the criteria es- professional literature between and The keywords used when conducting our computer-based searches included counseling outcome stud- Discussion ies, psychotherapy outcome research, multicultural counseling Upon analyzing the results of previous research reviews of research, multicultural outcome research, and multicultural multicultural counseling outcome studies as well as the results counseling outcome research.
Copies of all the articles generated from the computer- Table 1 based review of multicultural counseling outcome studies were Results of Several Focused Reviews of the Literature made for detailed analysis. Upon securing hard copies of these Search Focus n articles, we proceeded to review and analyze the publications Counseling outcome studies and psychotherapy to ensure that each article met the criteria for this study.
The outcome research 2, detailed analysis of each article enabled us to a eliminate a Multicultural counseling research Multicultural outcome research and multicultural number of publications that did not meet the research criteria counseling outcome research and b develop a detailed spreadsheet that contained specific Multicultural counseling outcome research publications information about each article.
Although 2, psychological or behavioral functioning. This psychological and behavioral changes culturally diverse cli- may occur when counselors implement counseling strategies ents manifest as a result of participating in counseling helps among culturally diverse clients that have not been empiri- to address the ethical and professional challenges counselors cally proven to be effective with such persons.
The analysis of the articles and concepts presented by multicultural counseling advocates selected for this study supports the criticisms made by other over the past 40 years. A careful counseling outcome studies published in the professional litera- review and analysis of the 53 articles included in the present ture is relatively small, there has been a steady increase since study indicated that they suffered from threats to the internal the late s. As noted earlier, the 53 multicultural counseling and the external validity of the reported results.
Although their initial reviews of the literature resulted results. The internal validity problems associated with multi- in the identification of 12 multicultural counseling outcome cultural counseling outcome studies is a major area of concern studies by Atkinson in and an additional 6 publications that needs to be tended to in future research endeavors. This problem results in substantial threats in the ously identified multicultural counseling outcome studies.
The substantial body of research research participants. That is, the theo- of previous multicultural research. Include multicultural counseling competence as an in- ing paradigm is based has greatly outdistanced the empirical dependent variable.
Given the advances that have been made evidence that is necessary to validate many of the assertions in the development, operationalization, and measurement of made by theorists and advocates of this movement.
This serious omission future direction of multicultural counseling outcomes studies. Use qualitative research strategies. Although the EST addressing some of the noticeable limitations that continue to movement encourages investigators to increase the use of characterize multicultural counseling outcome studies. Address the problem of limited resources. Although or reliable ways to conduct multicultural counseling research many multicultural counseling researchers are interested in D.
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This course was a well-balanced learning tool. McMurray, Alberta The course has definitely more than met my expectations. The material was very clear, practical, and easy for me to understand.
This course has given me a wealth of knowledge and skills to help me in counseling people. The knowledge about the family of origin and where it all begins for a person was like common knowledge for me, but the book reinforced that even more and sure let me see personally why we think and do the things we do. I feel like the book covered everything you would need to know in order to do counseling. I am very grateful for having the opportunity to do this course.
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I would recommend this course to anyone wanting to acquire essential counselling skills for application in a practical setting, particularly to those students who are currently studying psychology. Megan P. Before the course I always used to have suggestions for what was wrong in the current situation, but after reading the text and completing the assignments, I have learned that these problems could be recurring issues or unresolved conflicts from the past.
I think this especially will help me dig deeper in my counselling sessions to find underlying meanings of different issues. I found the textbook very enjoyable. I found it especially helpful that Mr. Keeran provided so many first-hand accounts. I thought that this textbook provided the fundamental building blocks to becoming a skilled counsellor. I have already referred a friend to enrol in this course.
I did so because I found the course to be very flexible with my schedule. I found the textbook to be an enjoyable read, and I particularly enjoyed completing the Clinical Assessment on myself. I found that assignment to be essential in my personal and professional development as a counsellor. Then after one year she was offered a position in a local hospice program. I was definitely wrong. The textbook was packed with all the information that I would need.
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When first reading the text I was nervous about remembering everything that I was reading. The more I read the more it made sense and linked all together. I liked how it took you step by step into the situations that you may encounter. While writing the exam I found the text an excellent reference guide and it was easy to remember exactly where I had read something.
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I am left feeling confident that I can successfully counsel someone and help them live a happier life. The structure of the course was perfect for my lifestyle.
I am a very busy Mom of a toddler and work full- time. I was able to do all of the work during nap time and after he went to bed. If you are motivated, you will have no problem getting this course done because you get to set the hours at which you study.
I would definitely recommend this course to someone who has been out of the classroom for a while and is very independent and motivated. However, it was very insightful and informative.
It covered counselling in a way that was easy to read and understand. I found it very beneficial to me. I believe the skills I learned in the course are basic, essential and effective for developing a therapeutic relationship with a solid foundation for counselling people. In my opinion the text was written in a clear understandable way, for providing useful, essential skills and details for becoming a successful professional counsellor.
If I were to develop further as a professional counsellor I feel I have acquired the kinds of skills, knowledge and experiences to further my development. I would recommend this course to others who are interested in becoming a professional counsellor because it gives you the kinds of skills, knowledge and experiences that you need to become a professional counsellor. However, I was not expecting there to be such a focus on proper wording and statements, and I see how this is imperative to the counselling process.
The knowledge and skills learned has given me a solid foundation for counselling people who are seeking help by giving practical methods of connecting people with their feeling and relating their current issues to their past. I think the practical wording of statements given throughout the text was very helpful in providing how to effectively communicate with clients.
The text was written in a very practical way and the essential skills and interventions were well written and laid out in a way that was not too complex to grasp. To further my development I am interested in learning how to communicate and pass on very practical tools that will help clients in their issues.
I can see myself as more of an encourager and a coach. I would recommend this course to others as it is written in very practical terms. I found that the counsellor response exam was very useful in being able to apply the different wording and therapeutic statements and interventions that were taught throughout the book. It has taught me many useful techniques and methods of counselling individuals, and I have been enlightened in many ways as a professional counsellor.
There is more to counselling than simply listening to a client talk about emotional issues; a counsellor must be able to demonstrate a wide variety of skills. These include empathy, compassion, understanding, challenging skills, motivational ability, creative thinking and much more.
This course has provided me with additional skills and it has increased my knowledge significantly. The text was written in a clear and understandable way. It taught me a variety of subjects such as respect and dignity for all clients. It showed ways of dealing with supporting and alleviating distress. I appreciated the information about the differences in culture and human experience, and the importance of remaining non-judgmental.
It taught me how to adequately provide counselling services and to maintain client confidentiality and ethical principles. The kinds of skills, knowledge, and experiences that I want to acquire are: the ability to assist individuals with the process of being freed from negative emotional distress and mental confusion; to provide the opportunity for clients to gain control of their fears and manage the issues which are causing adverse stress in their life; to guide the individual to make positive changes that they desire to experience in their life; the ability to skillfully encourage and support the client throughout the course of their healing journey.
I would recommend this course to others who are interested in becoming professional counsellors mainly because I believe it provides a well balanced and thorough counselling program. It provides practical pointers in a non-complicated manner. It teaches a variety of ways how to deal with various scenarios one will encounter in their counselling ministry. I did not expect to complete the course and be ready to begin counselling.
However, I believe that I have been given the foundation and fundamentals for a future counselling career. This course has provided an insight into the ultimate goals of the counselling relationship, the background for various types of issues and concerns that people are facing, and the skills to assist them in working through the process of identifying their personal issues and moving beyond them into new healthy behaviours.
The text was very clear and easy to read. Of all the courses I have completed, it was no doubt the most clear and comprehensive and useful that I have ever experienced. I would definitely recommend this course to others who are interested in becoming professional counsellors.
I have been dealing with my own feeling of grief and loss, and this course has helped me to make sense of it all, all my emotions and feelings. All of my thoughts any why I feel the way I do. It has also helped me to avoid making unhealthy patterns and decisions. So thank you. I want more than anything to take my own life experiences and the knowledge this course has given me to help people move past their grief and into all that life has to offer, to make a difference in this world, to leave a mark.
Considering this was my first counselling course, I did find some of the wording to kind of go over my head little. But the more I got into the book the more terms I understood. And the references in the back of the book were a tremendous help. I also liked how the exam was laid out and not all over the book.
There was a pattern to it all which I found made it much easier. This course has laid the foundation for me to continue my education and become a social worker. This has given me the boost I needed!!! I would recommend this to ANYONE wishing to become a counsellor because it covers such a broad range of issues and allows you to understand why people act and react the way they do.
It gives you a great knowledge to build upon. Besides offering professional counselling services, my role is to develop, implement and administer a counselling program for the church. We envision a counselling centre offering counselling services to the faith community and the community at large. I would love for my leadership team to do your course. Sandra D. The text is clear, concise, explanatory and insightful. There are different ways of using the information and insight in this course is so diverse in that way.
In my sincere opinion, I believe I got more out of this than I thought I would. This guide helps prepare students for the day-to-day experiences they are likely to encounter in their fields by bridging the gap between theory and practice at the most critical juncture of their training—practicum and internship.
Clinical Experiences in Counseling is designed to accompany students as they advance through practicum and internship, covering the hands-on elements of practice in agencies and schools that are often missing from the theory-based courses. This title is also available with MyCounselingLab —an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with the text to engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment, students see key concepts demonstrated through video clips, practice what they learn, test their understanding, and receive feedback to guide their learning and ensure they master key learning outcomes.
Hoffman and Bradley T. Erford, and Ann Vernon. Linde and Bradley T. Kress and Matthew J. Paylo, and Nicole A. Talbott, and Mary L. Puleo, Charlotte Daughhetee, and Jason M. Pearson offers affordable and accessible purchase options to meet the needs of your students.
Connect with us to learn more. Bradley T. Erford, Ph. He has authored or edited more than 24 books. His research specialization falls primarily in development and technical analysis of psycho-educational tests and outcomes research and has resulted in the publication of more than 60 refereed journal articles, more than book chapters, and 15 published tests. He has received numerous awards for his scholarship and service to the counseling profession from ACA and the Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling AARC , organizations within which he has held numerous leadership positions.
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